Recent history of Veterinary Immunology in Australia.

This Commentary article reviews the history of veterinary immunology in Australia from the 1980s and discusses the key people and areas of research during this period.

Royal Army Veterinary Corps' history.

Reviewed by Paul Watkins, a veterinary surgeon with an interest in veterinary and medical history, who has published widely on these areas.

Brian Theodore Wicks.

As a vet working in mixed practice, he relished the camaraderie of working with colleagues, farmers and clients, and developed a special interest in cattle fertility. He was considered to be a ray of sunshine.

John Palmer, Earl of Selborne.

Although not a vet, Lord Selborne had an extensive influence on the veterinary profession.

[«The experienced cattle doctor¼ - a popular science veterinary book of the canton of Grisons from the 19th century]. / «Der erfahrne Rindvieharzt¼ ­ ein ­populärwissenschaftliches Bündner ­Tierarzneibuch aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.

INTRODUCTION: The publication of J. J. Wirth's layman's handbook to healthier cattle farming practices in 1842 met with such unexpected demand even beyond the Canton of Grisons, that a second revised and updated edition was published by one of his successors in the charge of -cantonal veterinary officer, J. L. Wallraff, twenty years later. Through the analysis of these two mid-nineteenth century editions, one can observe how farming and herding practices changed in the Grisons, as concerns the developments in veterinary practices by both -professionals and laypersons in the treatment and prevention of injury, illness and disease in livestock. A comparison of the two editions demonstrates what -remarkable advancements in veterinary medicine were made in the mountainous Canton of Grisons in the second half of the 19th century, especially concerning epidemic controls within a short twenty-year span.

INTRODUCTION: On présente, sur la base d'un manuel consacré à la santé du bétail paru en deux éditions dans les Grisons au milieu du 19ème siècle, les changements intervenus dans l'agriculture et l'élevage grisonnais ainsi que les pratiques vétérinaires qui y sont liées, qu'elles soient le fait de profanes ou de vétérinaires. La demande étonnamment élevée quant à l'ouvrage, paru en 1842, du vétérinaire cantonal de Grison J.J. Wirth, et ceci également à l'extérieur du canton, a poussé son successeur, J.L. Wallraff a en faire réaliser une seconde édition revue. Une comparaison entre ces deux éditions montre de façon éclatante les progrès réalisés dans la seconde moitié du 19ème siècle en matière de médecine-vétérinaire dans le canton alpin des Grisons, en particulier en ce qui concerne la lutte contre les épizooties, et ce en l'espace de 20 ans seulement.

Arnold Theiler and colleagues: a -successful cooperation between -Switzerland and South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: The start of the Swiss-South African connection and cooperation dates back to the late 19th century, when a shortage of veterinarians in Transvaal (South African Republic, ZAR) motivated Arnold Theiler to seek his chance there. He became successful and famous fighting a smallpox epidemic and rinderpest after a difficult start as practicing veterinarian. Prior to the establishment of the «Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratories of the Transvaal¼ in 1908 Theiler as the head of the institution could motivate some Swiss veterinarians to come and work with him. The opening of the new laboratory made e. g. Walter Frei, later professor for veterinary pathology at Zurich and Karl Friedrich Meyer, becoming an eminent scientist in the USA later taking the opportunity to work with Theiler. World War I interrupted Theiler's hiring activities of more Swiss veterinarians. Only after the establishment of the veterinary faculty at Onderstepoort in 1920 he was able to recruit more Swiss veterinarians, e. g. Werner Steck, who later became professor at the veterinary faculty in Berne. Many of the other veterinarians at the faculty were sent to Switzerland to obtain further qualification or to obtain the degree of Dr. med. vet. and thus continued the successful cooperation started by Theiler.

INTRODUCTION: Le début des relations et de la coopération Suisse-Afrique du Sud remonte à la fin 19ème siècle, quand une pénurie de vétérinaires au Transvaal (République sud-africaine, RSA) a motivé Arnold Theiler à y tenter sa chance. Après un début difficile en pratique vétérinaire, il y obtint un succès dans une célèbre campagne de lutte contre une épidémie de variole et de peste bovine. Avant même la création des «Laboratoires bactériologiques vétérinaires du Transvaal ¼ en 1908, la présence de Theiler à la tête de l'institution a pu motiver certains vétérinaires suisses à venir travailler avec lui. L'ouverture du nouveau laboratoire a fait par exemple que Walter Frei, plus tard professeur de pathologie vétérinaire à Zurich, et Karl Friedrich Meyer, devenu un éminent scientifique aux États-Unis, ont saisi l'occasion de travailler avec Theiler. La Première Guerre mondiale a interrompu les efforts de Theiler visant à embaucher plus de vétérinaires suisses. Ce n'est qu'après la création de la faculté vétérinaire d'Onderstepoort à 1920, qu'il a pu recruter davantage de vétérinaires suisses, par exemple Werner Steck, qui devint plus tard professeur à la Faculté vétérinaire de Berne. De nombreux autres vétérinaires de la faculté a été envoyée en Suisse pour se perfectionner ou obtenir leur doctorat en médecine-­vétérinaire. C'est ainsi qu'a continué la fructueuse co­opération entamée par Theiler.

The Veterinary Immunological Toolbox: Past, Present, and Future.

It is well-recognized that research capability in veterinary species is restricted by a lack of immunological reagents relative to the extensive toolboxes for small rodent biomedical model species and humans. This creates a barrier to the strategic development of disease control solutions for livestock, companion animals and wildlife that not only affects animal health but can affect human health by increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. There have been a number of projects aimed at reducing the capability gaps in the veterinary immunological toolbox, the majority of these focusing on livestock species. Various approaches have been taken to veterinary immunological reagent development across the globe and technological advances in molecular biology and protein biochemistry have accelerated toolbox development. While short-term funding initiatives can address specific gaps in capability, they do not account for long-term sustainability of reagents and databases that requires a different funding model. We review the past, present and future of the veterinary immunological toolbox with specific reference to recent developments discussed at the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) Immune Toolkit Workshop at the 12th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Seattle, USA, 16-19 August 2019. The future availability of these reagents is critical to research for improving animal health, responses to infectious pathogens and vaccine design as well as for important analyses of zoonotic pathogens and the animal /human interface for One Health initiatives.

Pioneering women of microbiology in Spain.

Presented herein are the trajectories of four women who can be considered pioneers of microbiology in Spain. Three of them have been studied before, but never presented as pioneers of microbiology, and their lives are briefly reviewed: Zoe Rosinach Pedrol, a pioneering microbiologist in the health care field; Isabel Torán del Carré, in the agri-food sector; and Luz Zalduegui Gabilondo in the veterinary sciences. Nevertheless, Trinidad del Pan Arana is presented from the first time as pioneering microbiologist in the natural sciences area. All of these women developed their professional activity during the first third of the twentieth century, contributing to the establishment of microbiology as a new scientific discipline in Spain.

Historical Perspective of Euthanasia in Veterinary Medicine.

The history of companion animal euthanasia includes a blend of good and bad methodology, the shifting landscape of the human-animal bond, and maturation of the veterinary euthanasia experience. Time has shown us that critical exploration of what once was acceptable will lead the way to modern best practices. Animal welfare remains at the heart of the procedure, with equally matched attention now given to client and veterinary team well-being. Although euthanasia will continue to evolve, it is clear through the twenty-first century advancements, a tipping point of necessary change is upon us.

[Nizeivels Miez da Madaschinnas per la Bieschco d'Armontif et porcs: A manuscript from 1748 on veterinary medicine]. / Nizeivels Miez da Madaschinnas per la Bieschco d'Armontif et porcs: Eine tierheilkundliche Schrift aus dem Jahr 1748.

INTRODUCTION: A manuscript from 1748 in Rhaeto-Romanic language is discussed. It's an unfinished translation of a publication in German language from 1715 which contains elements from the standard work on household and agriculture by Johannes Coler, 1645. By comparing the manuscript with 15 contemporary publications and manuscripts from Switzerland, textual similarities were found in three publications. The manuscript contains 62 therapy instructions for cattle diseases and 7 for pig diseases. Remedies of plant origin, food of animal origin and faeces are applied. Various interventions lead to painful injuries of the animals. Most therapies have to be considered as irrational.

INTRODUCTION: On présente un manuscrit en langue romanche datant de l'année 1748. Il s'agit d'une traduction inachevée d'une publication en allemand de 1715. Il contient des éléments de l'ouvrage standard de Johannes Coler, 1645, consacré à la gestion du ménage et à l'agriculture. Une comparaison avec 15 publications et manuscrits contemporains de Suisse montre dans trois publications des similitudes textuelles. Le texte contient 62 instructions thérapeutiques pour les maladies des bovins et sept pour les maladies des porcs. Des remèdes d'origine végétale, des aliments d'origine animale et des matières fécales sont utilisés. Diverses procédures entraînent des blessures douloureuses chez les animaux et de nombreux traitements doivent être décrits comme irrationnels.

[Protocol of the Lucerne Section of Swiss Veterinary Association from 5th of June, 1837]. / Verhandlungs-Protokoll des Vereins der Luzerner Thierärzte und Section des schweizerisch thierärztlichen Vereinsangefangen mit 5ten Juni 1837.

INTRODUCTION: In autumn 2015, the book "Protocol of the Veterinary Association of the Canton of Lucerne" was found in the attic a farmhouse in Sempach. The book was missing until this time. It covers the Association activities from 1837-1871. The book origins from the estate of Dr. med. H. c. Peter Knüsel (1857-1954). The transcription of the German Kurrent allows an insight into the protocols and thus into veterinary medicine and health care of the mid-19th century. Besides the Association business, the written reports or oral scientific presentations provide (technical presentations) an interesting insight into the scientific veterinary knowledge of this time.

INTRODUCTION: En automne 2015, un ouvrage intitulé «Protocoles de la Société vétérinaire du canton de Lucerne¼ a été retrouvé dans un grenier à Sempach. Le livre était considéré jusqu'alors comme perdu. Il couvre les activités de la société de 1837 à 1871. Il provient de la succession du Dr. med. h. c. Peter Knüsel (1857-1954). Grâce à la transcription de l'écriture cursive allemande, ces protocoles fournissent un aperçu du secteur vétérinaire et de la santé du milieu du XIXe siècle. Outre les affaires internes de la société, les travaux réalisés par écrit ou oralement (conférences spécialisées) par les vétérinaires fournissent un aperçu intéressant des connaissances vétérinaires de l'époque.

[Colonel Hermann Schwyter, equine surgeon, a formative personality of equine medicine]. / Oberst Hermann Schwyter, Oberpferdarzt, eine prägende Persönlichkeit der Pferdemedizin.

INTRODUCTION: The biography of Colonel Hermann Schwyter, equine surgeon of the Swiss Army from 1928 to 1937, and the history of training of farriers in Switzerland since the 18th century are presented. Hermann Schwyters dissertation examined the changes of equine hoof confirmation as a result of standing and gait in approximately 2,000 horses and numerous anatomical specimens. He defines the foot placement, describes possible variations, their causes and effects. Significant is also his study of the compression pathology in horses and mules. His recommendations are still valid today. The present article refers to his authored textbook "The Swiss military farrier" and to his established journal, which is bearing the same title.

INTRODUCTION: On présente la biographie du colonel Hermann Schwyter, vétérinaire en chef de l'armée suisse de 1928 à 1937 et l'historique de la formation des maréchaux en Suisse depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Dans sa thèse, Hermann Schwyter a examiné l'évolution de la forme du pied du cheval en fonction des aplombs et des allures sur environ 2000 chevaux et de nombreuses préparations. Il a défini la position normale du pied, décrit les déviations, leurs causes et leurs effets. Il faut également souligner son étude sur les dommages dus aux pressions chez les chevaux et les mulets. Ses recommandations sont toujours valables aujourd'hui. Il est également fait référence à son ouvrage «Le maréchal-ferrant militaire suisse¼ ainsi qu'au journal portant le même titre qu'il avait créé.

Animal industry and veterinary science in eastern New Guinea 1: before World War II.

Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, there were no domestic animals other than pigs, dogs and poultry in the island of New Guinea. From 1889 onwards, occupying authorities, missionaries and settlers from Germany, the UK, Japan and Australia imported ruminants, pigs and horses. Some of these importations were from Asia. This paper describes some outcomes of those importations and the potential hazards for Australia entailed in them.

Francesc Darder y el inicio de la veterinaria de pequeños animales y especies exóticas en Barcelona a finales del siglo XIX / No disponible

Esta investigación se centra en la aproximación del veterinario Francesc Darder (1851-1918) a la clínica de pequeños animales en la Barcelona de la década de 1880. Se analizan los factores sociales, económicos e ideológicos que favorecieron que un sector creciente de la población comenzara a compartir su espacio doméstico con unos seres cuyo único propósito podía ser el de proporcionar placer o compañía a sus cuidadores. Esa transformación generó una demanda de cuidados especializados para un tipo de clientela insólita según los parámetros veterinarios del momento. Darder, condicionado por su notoria actividad comercial como intermediario en la compraventa animal, supo satisfacer esas necesidades ejerciendo como un clínico de gran perspicacia sobre mascotas y otros animales de tamaño pequeño. El presente trabajo examina su pionera labor médico-sanitaria en el terreno de las ideas y en el práctico, incorporando en sus procedimientos metodológicos novedades científicas y técnicas que, como la microscopía, concentró en un espacio específico que denominó laboratorio. La práctica profesional iniciada por Darder no tuvo parangón en la España de finales de la centuria decimonona. Era una idea que apenas se podía vislumbrar y nada hacía pensar todavía que poco más de un siglo después mascotas o microscopios constituyeran dos elementos arquetípicos asociados a la figura del veterinario

No disponible